Essay about Liberty, Value, and the Liberal Perspective

Liberty, Value, and the Liberal Perspective ABSTRACT: This paper discusses the nature of liberty from the point of view of value. Liberty is the highest value for liberals. The root of this liberal view is their particular conception of self. Rawls says the self is prior to the ends which are affirmed by it. This is also the Kantian view of the self: the self is prior to its socially given roles and relationships. Therefore, no end is exempt from possible revision by the self. There is nothing wrong with this basic idea. In fact, all theories agree on free choice of life plan or self-determination. But they disagree about what package of rights and resources best enables people to pursue their own conceptions of the good. However,†¦show more content†¦For instance, the value of the moral principle or rule One ought not to harm others has a value not in itself, but in leaving the values for others not harmed or reduced. Thus it serves as a constraint. The principle of equality or any principle of equitable distribution , say distribution according to contribution, is a criterion or pattern for distribution. It also dose not have a value in itself, but serves as a criterion or pattern for the distribution of income, which is the good that has a value. In living a life, or being a particular person and doing all kinds of things, a human being pursues the values of various objects, material or non-material, concrete or abstract. The pursuit of any value is under a certain circumstance with various conditions. In order to protect the agent from unjustified interference from the environment and at the same time to prevent the agents doing or being something from harming others or society, we establish not only a principle of liberty to support the agent, but also some moral principles to constrain her or him or to serve as a criterion or pattern, in the case where her or his doing or being affects the justice to other people. Thus, I call the value of those social goods that support, constrain, or serve as a criterion or pattern associative value, which is not measurable in itself, even subjectively, but has to be measured in terms of the value of the good pursued by the agent. Liberty, as aShow MoreRelatedBrooke Johnson. Political Ideologies . Essay 1. 2/24/17.1583 Words   |  7 PagesBrooke Johnson Political Ideologies Essay 1 2/24/17 Differing Perspectives of Liberalism Liberalism is characterized by a commitment to individual rights, toleration, limited government, equal opportunity, and a commitment to free market. There are different forms of liberalism that one may identify with, such as classical liberalism, neo-liberalism, egalitarianism, and libertarianism. 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Hiv / Aids An Acronym For Human Immunodeficiency Virus

What if there was a disease that thousands of people a day contracted with no vaccine or cure, what do you think the world would look like? The world would look much like it does today, as there is a disease that infects thousands of people each and every day with no vaccine or cure. That disease is HIV/AIDS. A disease that is so powerful its position in our society has moved from epidemic to pandemic. In this paper we will explore HIV/AIDS and my one-day journey at one of Delaware County’s largest full service HIV/AIDS providers and how it changed my perspective on the disease and the people who carry it. What is HIV/AIDS? HIV is an acronym for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. This virus can only attack humans, hence the name, and reproduces by taking over the T-cells (or CD4-cells which help fight off infections) and uses them to make copies of itself (U.S. Department of Health Human Services). Unlike most viruses the human body cannot seem to shake HIV, which means once you have HIV you have it for life. HIV is transmitted through certain bodily fluids and they are blood, semen (including pre-seminal), vaginal secretions, breast milk, and rectal fluids. AIDS, which stands for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, is the last stage of HIV, but it is important to note that not everyone with HIV will succumb to having AIDS. According to the U.S. Department of Health Human Services (2014) people who acquire AIDS have immune systems that have been severely deteriorated whichShow MoreRelatedThe Epidemic Of Hiv / Aids1306 Words   |  6 Pagesknown and feared viruses in the world today is HI V/AIDS. To fully understand on why HIV/AIDS is so deadly, we need to first understand and breakdown on what this virus exactly is. HIV is an acronym that stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Human means that only humans can be infected by this virus. 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Athletic Trainer Essay Example For Students

Athletic Trainer Essay Athletic TrainerAn athletic trainer seeking employment in todays job market is likely toencounter many problems and obstacles along the way. The need for highereducation greatly affects the prospect for the athletic trainer with only thebaccaulereate degree. Those with this degree are better suited to seekemployment in the rehabilitative therapy clinic setting. Many of these clinicshave contracts with the local high schools or university thus allowing for moreemployees and allowing these entry level positions. Clinics also tebd to employthe student trainers who also have a tendency to move on after their education. With third party payees coming more into this field there should be an increasein the job availability for the athletic trainer in the clinical setting. Thereare also many openings for trainers in the high school level. The down side tothis area of work is that this position is not generally based on the care andconcern for the health and well being of the student athlete but is contingenton the budget aspect. The most dismal field for an athletic trainer seekingemployment is in the college level. Athletic trainers most certainly needadvanced degrees as well as certification of the National Athletic TrainersAssociation. Most Athletic trainers in this level have accepted employment whilein college or attending that particular university. The college level for theathletic trainer position has not increased over the past few years- due impartto the hiring of the student trainers leaving no openings for the athletictrainer who is seeking full time employment. Obviously there is a definit e needfor advanced degrees in todays society, if one is seeking employment as anathletic trainer due to the fact that there is a very limited job field andopenings are few and far between. In order to be fully prepared for the positionof athletic trainer in todays sports related society, the potential trainerneeds to obtain the minimum of a baccalaureate degree with a designated courseof study. They need to have studied thoroughly anatomy and physiology,physiology of exercise, rehabilitation, kineseiology, psychology, injuryevaluation and also emergency care procedures and techniques. Before meeting therequirements to become eligible to test for the National Athletic TrainersAssociation (NATA) a potential trainer needs a minumum of 800 clinical hours ofexperience or 1500 hours if not enrolled in an accredited athletic trainingeducation program. The NATA also requires continuing education units for acertified trainer to remain certified through them. The steps to obtaining acareer in the field of athletic training are fairly simple. A desire to work inthe sports related field is obviously the driving force for most. A BA is theminimum degree along with clinical hours of experience as noted earlier. Alsothe National Athletic Trainers Association Board of Certification requirescontinuing education classed to maintain and update your knowledge of newprocedures. A Masters Degree is often sought by the athletic trainer to furtheradvance their career. A select few often go on and pursue a doctoral degree andprogress on to become instructors. Depending on the location of the high school/clinic/ university the Athletic trainer may encounter many different obstaclesto overcome in the day to day running of the training office. A few of theseproblems are, but not limited to, the following: Budgeting problems : manyathletic trainers have learned how to juggle funds and become extremely frugalto maintain within the budget limitations. Travel: there is often the need forthe trainer to accompany the team or athletes on the road to games and sportsevents which poses a hardship both on the trainers life and the life of theirfamilies. There will always be the legal aspects of the job field to contentwith for the athletic trainers. There is a definate need for the explicitfollowing of all rules and procedures in order to try to prevent any egalramifications. While employeed at any particular school or clinic a trainershould be covered at all times by the schools liability policy. All athletes arerequired to sign a waiver when they decide to participate in the sport of theirchoice and this too is a protective measure for both the trainer and the schoolor the clinic. Although it may seem like the problems along with the dismal jobopenings are a great deal to contend with when one is contemplating choosing thefield of Athletic Training there are a great many pluses to this field too. Manya .ub5675131993c37fa4ac5f34f4bc9e19e , .ub5675131993c37fa4ac5f34f4bc9e19e .postImageUrl , .ub5675131993c37fa4ac5f34f4bc9e19e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub5675131993c37fa4ac5f34f4bc9e19e , .ub5675131993c37fa4ac5f34f4bc9e19e:hover , .ub5675131993c37fa4ac5f34f4bc9e19e:visited , .ub5675131993c37fa4ac5f34f4bc9e19e:active { border:0!important; } .ub5675131993c37fa4ac5f34f4bc9e19e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub5675131993c37fa4ac5f34f4bc9e19e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub5675131993c37fa4ac5f34f4bc9e19e:active , .ub5675131993c37fa4ac5f34f4bc9e19e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub5675131993c37fa4ac5f34f4bc9e19e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub5675131993c37fa4ac5f34f4bc9e19e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub5675131993c37fa4ac5f34f4bc9e19e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub5675131993c37fa4ac5f34f4bc9e19e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub5675131993c37fa4ac5f34f4bc9e19e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub5675131993c37fa4ac5f34f4bc9e19e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub5675131993c37fa4ac5f34f4bc9e19e .ub5675131993c37fa4ac5f34f4bc9e19e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub5675131993c37fa4ac5f34f4bc9e19e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Literature, Arts and Humanities Essay

Lathe Machine Lab free essay sample

Beside that ,it can be used to measure the length of the object, which specific size is 100mm and 25mm in diameter. 3. 2) Lathe Machine A lathe is a machine tool which rotates the workpiece on its axis to perform various operations such as cutting, sanding, knurling, drilling, or deformation with tools that are applied to the workpiece to create an object which has symmetry about an axis of rotation. Lathes are used in woodturning, metalworking, metal spinning, and glassworking. Lathes can be used to shape pottery, the best-known design being the potters wheel. Most suitably equipped metalworking lathes can also be used to produce most solids of revolution, plane surfaces and screw threads or helices. Ornamental lathes can produce three-dimensional solids of incredible complexity. The material can be held in place by either one or two centers, at least one of which can be moved horizontally to accommodate varying material lengths. Other workholding methods include clamping the work about the axis of rotation using a chuck or collet, or to a faceplate, using clamps or dogs. Group 3 | Weekly Report | Lathe P a g e |1 WEEKLY REPORT – LATHE MANUFACTURING LAB (MEFB 121) GROUP 3 REV NO : 000 DATE : 11 NOVEMBER 2011 Below are the list of parts and functions in lathe machine. No 1 Components Bed Functions Provides a heavy rigid frame on which all the main components are mounted. Inner and outer guide rails that are precision machined parallel to assure accuracy of movement. mounted in a fixed position on the inner ways, usually at the left end. Using a chuck, it rotates the work. inside the headstock, providing multiple speeds with a geometric ratio by moving levers. Hole through the headstock to which bar stock can be fed, which allows shafts that are up to 2 times the length between lathe centers to be worked on one end at a time to clamp part being machined and allows the mounting of difficult workpieces that are not round, square or triangular. Fits on the inner ways of the bed and can slide towards any position the headstock to fit the length of the work piece. An optional taper turning attachment would be mounted to it. Moves on the outer ways. Used for mounting and moving most the cutting tools Mounted on the traverse slide of the carriage, and uses a hand wheel to feed tools into the workpiece. To mount tool holders in which the cutting bits are clamped Mounted to the cross slide, it pivots around the tool post Attached to the front of the carriage, it has the mechanism and controls for moving the carriage and cross slide. For cutting threads 2 Ways 3 Headstock 4 Gearbox 5 Spindle 6 Chuck 7 Tailstock 8 9 Carriage Cross Slide 10 11 12 Tool Post Compound Rest Apron 13 Lead Screw Group 3 | Weekly Report | Lathe P a g e |2 WEEKLY REPORT – LATHE MANUFACTURING LAB (MEFB 121) GROUP 3 REV NO : 000 DATE : 11 NOVEMBER 2011 4. PROCEDURE Procedure for this purpose can be classified into 3 different topics; Work procedure, Operation and Safety precautions which each of those carried elements of different perspective but act under the same objective. 4. 1. Work Procedure I. Morning briefing by the technician; Mr. Shamsul on all aspect of job scope II. Proper safety attire were wore first III. Our group were given one workpiece for this particular activity. Using vernier calliper, the dimensions obtained and shown as per below : 100mm O25 Figure 3 – Initial workpiece dimension IV. V. The workpiece later being lock and was placed firmly in the spindle. The cutting tool was aligned to the dead center. The machine was turned on. The carriage was moved to the left by rotating the hand wheel until the tip of the cutting tool touches the edge of the metal cylinder. Cutting tool touch the edges 0. 5mm Group 3 | Weekly Report | Lathe P a g e |3 WEEKLY REPORT – LATHE MANUFACTURING LAB (MEFB 121) GROUP 3 REV NO : 000 DATE : 11 NOVEMBER 2011 VI. VII. VIII. IX. For safety reason, the workpiece were mounted with 0. 5mm per run(safe operation). The machine then were run by cutting the whole workpiece for 20mm diamater. This process need to be done two times which one on the left hand side and the right hand side. The carriage need to be push to the left slowly. For 20mm diameter cut,we need to repeat 4 times because to follow the safe operation procedure. Step 6 below were repeated for cutting the 15mm and 10 mm diameter. The final workpiece is as per below: O10 O15 O20 Figure 4- the final workpiece. 4. 3. Operation I. II. To perform lathe activity, the workpiece need to be lock and secure in the spindle at first. Then the lever that control the x-axis of the lathe machine is adjust and set to 0. This step is essential so that the operator keep tracks of the depth between the initial and the final workpiece. For safety purporse, the lathe machine only can cut down the workpiece for 0. 5mm per run. Apart from that,coolant switch also are turned on to reduce the friction between the cutter n workpiece. After all, the main switch is turned on and the cutter start to rotate itself. The lever on the x-axis need to be move to the left and the process of lathe begin. Push the lever slowly to the end. Lathe the workpiece until the end and after the process done,turn off the machine. III. IV. V. Group 3 | Weekly Report | Lathe P a g e |4 WEEKLY REPORT – LATHE MANUFACTURING LAB (MEFB 121) GROUP 3 REV NO : 000 DATE : 11 NOVEMBER 2011 4. 2. Safety Precautions I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. Before setting up a job, be sure that the workpiece, the table, the taper in the spindle, and arbor or cutter shank, are all clean and free from chips, nicks, or burrs. Keep lathe cutters sharp at all times. Do not change feeds or speeds while the lathe machine is in operation. Always turn on the coolant while doing the lathe process. This will reduce the total friction between the cuters and the workpiece. Never run a the lathe machine without the workpiece. When using clamps to secure the workpieces, be sure that they are tight and that the workpiece is held so that it will not spring or vibrate while it is being cut. Keep chips away from the workpiece; brush them out of the way by any convenient means, but do not do so by hand or with waste. NEVER remove chips with your bare hands. Use a stick or brush, and always stop the machine. Should it become necessary to operate the lathe while the ship is underway, be especially safety conscious. (Machines should be operated ONLY in relatively calm seas. ) VIII. 5. DISCUSSION From the activity that we done, we can sum up on several process that related to lathe machine. Points below explain the process of the lathe machine works on the workpiece. I. Turning A right-hand turning tool bit is shaped to be used from right to left. The cutting edge is on the left side of the tool bit and the face slopes down away from the cutting edge. The left side and end of the tool bit are ground with sufficient clearance to permit the cutting edge to bear upon the work piece without the heel rubbing on the work. The right-hand turning tool bit is ideal for taking light roughing cuts as well as general all-around machining. A left-hand turning tool bit is the just like right-hand turning tool bit, except that it’s the opposite. This tool bit is designed to cut when fed from left to right. The round-nose turning tool bit is very versatile and can be used to turn in either direction for roughing and finishing cuts. No side rake angle is ground into the top face when used to cut in either direction, but a small back rake angle may be needed for chip removal. The nose radius is usually ground in the shape of a half-circle with a diameter of about 1/32 inch. The right-hand facing tool bit is intended for facing on right-hand side shoulders and the right end of a work piece. The cutting edge is on the left-hand side of the bit, and the nose is ground very sharp for machining into a square corner. The direction of feed for this tool bit should be away from the center axis of the work, not going into the center axis. A left-hand facing tool bit is the opposite of the right-hand facing tool bit and is intend to machine and face the left sides of shoulders. Example of the process as shown in figure 5. Group 3 | Weekly Report | Lathe P a g e |5 WEEKLY REPORT – LATHE MANUFACTURING LAB (MEFB 121) GROUP 3 REV NO : 000 DATE : 11 NOVEMBER 2011 Figure 5- The turning of the lathe machine cutter. II. Feed speed and depth of cut Cutting speed is defined as the speed at which the work moves with respect to the tool. Feed rate is defined as the distance the tool travels during one revolution of the part. The finish is determined by the cutting speed and feed, power requirements, and material removal rate. The primary factor in choosing feed and speed is the material to be cut. However, one should also consider material of the tool, rigidity of the work piece, size and condition of the lathe, and depth of cut. To calculate the proper spindle speed, divide the desired cutting speed by the circumference of the work. In considering depth of cut, its important to remember that for each thousandth depth of cut, the work diameter is reduced by two thousandth. Some calculation can be done to define the feed speed but there a few missing variable like the rotation per minute (RPM) of the lathe machine use. To calculate spindle speed required, N=CS(1000) ? d N= Spindle speed( RPM) CS= Cutting speed of the metal(m/mm) d=diameter of the workpiece Group 3 | Weekly Report | Lathe P a g e |6 WEEKLY REPORT – LATHE MANUFACTURING LAB (MEFB 121) GROUP 3 REV NO : 000 DATE : 11 NOVEMBER 2011 III. Industrial application The lathe is one of the engineers most valuable tools. Coupled with a milling machine or milling head (Tri-axis lathe) there is nothing that cannot be produced from virtually any kind of material. A lathe can be used to a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) Turn an ornate wooden spindle Skim a cylinder head or other gasket-face Put a screw-thread on a piece of metal bar Drill a hole of almost any size in almost any material Machine an intricate valve, collet or gudgeon Put a screw-thread inside a hole (Tap the hole) Produce a complex component such as a cog-wheel, crown wheel or pinion Re-bore the cylinder of an engine Create irregular / offset flanged components of infinite complexity.

Martin Luther King Jr. Dream Often, Dream Big, Dream Change Essay Example

Martin Luther King Jr.: Dream Often, Dream Big, Dream Change Paper Dream Often, Dream Big, Dream Change Martin Luther King, Jr. , was one of the most powerful leaders in the civil rights movement, from the bus boycott to his historical speech â€Å"I Have a Dream†. Martin Luther King presented his most inspiring speech on August 28, 1963, and it had a great impact on the United States. In his speech he emphasized phrases by repeating at the beginning of sentences. He also repeated key theme word in his speech including â€Å"freedom†, â€Å"we†, â€Å"our†, â€Å"you†, â€Å"nation†, â€Å"America†, and â€Å"dream†. Martin Luther King, Jr. also utilized appropriate quotations and allusions in his compelling speech. Using biblical verses and references to national documents like the Declaration of Independence. He used specific examples to ground his argument along with making numerous geographic references. His use of metaphors to high light contrasting concepts allowed his audience to associa te thoughts with concrete images and emotions. Martin Luther King, Jr. ’s, â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech is the most historical speech during the civil rights movement because of the impact it had on America. First of all, Martin Luther King, Jr. , wrote his speech using anaphora, repeating words at the beginning of neighboring causes. Repeating the words twice sets the pattern, and further repetitions emphasize the pattern and increase the rhetorical effect. â€Å"I have a dream† is repeated in eight successive sentences and is one of the most often cited examples of anaphora in modern rhetoric. He had many key phrases: â€Å"One hundred years later†, â€Å"now is the time†, â€Å"we must†, â€Å"we can never be satisfied†, â€Å"go back to†, â€Å"I have a dream†, â€Å"with this faith† and â€Å"let freedom ring†. In Kings speech he said â€Å"one hundred years later† four times in the beginning of his I have a dream speech. Even in the absence of the remainder of the speech, these key phrases and by extension make King’s story more memorable. The use of anaphora in Martin Luther King’s speech added emphasis to catch America’s attention. Next Martin Luther King repeated key theme words throughout his speech. â€Å"Repetition in forms like anaphora is quite obvious, but there are more subtle ways to use repetition as well. † (Dluang) If you were to count the frequency of the words used in King’s speech like â€Å"I have a dream† you would ind that it was repeated seven times (King). â€Å"The most commonly used noun is â€Å"freedom†, which is used 20 times. It makes sense, since freedom is the primary theme in the speech. † (Dluang) Other commonly repeated words: â€Å"we† repeated 30 times, â€Å"our† repeated 17 tim es, â€Å"you† repeated eight times, â€Å"nation† repeated ten times, â€Å"America† repeated five times, â€Å"justice† repeated eight times, â€Å"injustice† repeated three times, and â€Å"dream† repeated 11 times. The proper usage of repetition of key theme words in his speech brought a greater effect to the audience We will write a custom essay sample on Martin Luther King Jr.: Dream Often, Dream Big, Dream Change specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Martin Luther King Jr.: Dream Often, Dream Big, Dream Change specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Martin Luther King Jr.: Dream Often, Dream Big, Dream Change specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Another powerful speech writing technique used by Martin Luther King, Jr. , was how he utilized appropriate quotations and allusions. â€Å"Evoking history and literary references is a powerful speech writing technique which can be executed by using direct quotations or an allusion. † (Dluang) He refers to Abraham Lincoln’s famous Gettysburg Address where he begins â€Å" Four score and seven years ago† this allusion is an authentic point given that King was in front of the Lincoln Memorial. â€Å"As he began his speech â€Å"Five score years ago implying that the Emancipation Approximation was signed one hundred years ago. † (Dluang) Also in his speech he says â€Å"Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness,† reference to the United States Declaration of Independence. Along with national documents he referred to numerous biblical allusions to provide a moral basis to his argument. In the second paragraph he says,† in came as a joyous daybr eak to end the long nights of their captivity,† which alludes to Psalms 30:5 â€Å"for his anger is not but for a moment, his favor is for a lifetime. Weeping may linger for the night, but joy comes with the morning. † Many more biblical verses were shared to provide the moral basis in King’s argument. To show that in the bible no matter what color or language you spoke that everyone was created equal and share the earth together so one should not discriminate another because they are different. Also providing specific examples which illustrate his logic and argument helped his speech impact many lives. Martin Luther King, Jr. made numerous specific geological references throughout his speech including Mississippi, New York, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Louisiana, New Hampshire, Pennsylvania, Colorado, California, and Tennessee. He mentioned Mississippi on four separate occasions in his speech because Mississippi would evoke some of the strongest emotions and images for his audience because that is on of the most prejudice states. He also used generic geographic references like â€Å"slums and ghettos of our nort hern cities†, â€Å"the South†, â€Å"every mountainside†, and â€Å"from every village and every hamlet†. Using geographic references gave his audience an image of how life was for the Negro and the harsh injustice that was served. Lastly King’s usage of metaphors to high light contrasting thoughts to catch attention to the large audience he was speaking to. To high light the contrast between two abstract concepts, consider association them with contrasting concrete metaphors. For example, to contrast segregation with racial justice, King evokes the contrasting metaphor of the dark, desolate valley and the sunlit path, the dark, desolate valley being segregation and the sunlit path being racial justice. Martin Luther King also said, â€Å"Joyous day break to end the long night of their captivity. † Along with that he also said, â€Å"The Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity. † The usage of metaphors to high light contrasting concepts allows King to associate his speech concepts with concrete images and emotions that inspire his audience. All in all Martin Luther King’s â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech is one of the most important speeches ever made during the civil rights movement. He was one of the most influential man to all African Americans. This speech had a great impact on America because of his emphasized phrases at the beginning of each sentence, his repetition of key theme words throughout his speech, appropriate usage of quotations and allusions, his specific examples that grounded his arguments, and his powerful use of metaphors to highlight contrasting concepts. He used biblical allusions to help his moral basis in his arguments. He also quoted the United States Declaration of Independence to provide reference that all Americans should be free no matter what color they are.

Deviance Essays

Deviance Essays Deviance Paper Deviance Paper The assumption that there is something Inherent In a person, behavior or characteristic that is necessarily deviant Statistical Rarity If a behavior or characteristic Is not typical, It Is deviant. Harm If an action causes harm, then It Is deviant. Folkways: If you violate these norms you may be considered odd, rude or a troublemaker Mores: Those standards that are often seen as the foundation of morality in a culture Consensual view: The law is perceived as arising out of social consensus and is then equally applied to all Conflict view: Perceive the law as a tool used by the ruling class to serve its own interests. They believe that the law is more likely to be applied to members of the powerless classes in society. Interactions view: Presents a nonsensical view of criminal law. Societys powerful define the law at the behest of interest groups, who appeal to those with power to rectify a perceived social ill. Subjectivism: Deviance as a Label Subjectivists say that we cannot recognize deviance when we see it; we have to be taught, through processes of colonization, that a person or behavior is deviant Subjectivity and the Social Construction of Deviance Social constructionist: Refers to the perspective proposing that social characteristics are creations or artifacts of a particular society at a specific time in history, just as objects Radical constructionists postulate a distinct theoretical perspective claiming that the world is characterized by endless relativism Sociologists who are soft or contextual constructionists emphasize the processes by which certain social phenomena come to be perceived and reacted to In particular ways In a given society t a specific time Levels of Social Construction: Coloratura, Institutional, International, Individual Transcending the Objective/Subjective Dichotomy On the objective side of the dualism, deviance specialists claim that there Is a shared characteristic that all deviants have in common On the subjective side of the dualism, Social typing process: Description, evaluation, prescription Theorizing Deviance The scientific study of crimina lity is recognized as beginning with the work of Cesar Limbos who explained criminality on the basis of evolution Suggested that criminals were atavists evolutionary throwbacks whose biology prevented them from conforming to societys rules Why people become deviant Positivist theories Social typing process the process through which deviance and normality are socially constructed Interpretive and critical theories Why do People Become Deviant? Using Positivist Theories Interested in explaining why people act in particular ways Positivist-sociologists seek cause-and-effect relationships in the form of statistical relationships Pursuit of planning for a better society Positivist explanations of deviance also try to prevent other people from becoming deviant Functionalist Theories: The Social Structure Creates Deviance In this perspective, society is seen as comprising various structures (e. G. The family) each of which fulfills necessary functions for social order Manifest functions: intended and recognized Latent functions: unintentional and unrecognized One of the core concerns in the functionalist perspective the maintenance of the social order Anomie Theory: The Problem of Too Much Social Change Mile Druthers addresses the notion of deviance in two ways: 1 . A certain level of deviance is actually functional for society serves a useful purpose but only up to a certain point 2. Dysfunctional deviance occurs when society changes too quickly and anomie emerges Functions of Deviance: Deviance enhances social order and increases social solidarity because seeing someone break the rules leads us to realize the importance of rules Through observing behavior, society determines what its moral boundaries are Tests society boundaries and may demonstrate when certain rules no longer work and need to be changed Reduces societal tensions in two ways: . Societal tensions can be reduced when there is some sort of scapegoat that can be blamed for a social problem 2. Individuals engage in small acts of minor deviance that act as a safety valve and let off some steam Parsons and Smeller suggest that letting off steam through minor acts of deviance activates social processes that return deviant actors to their acceptable roles in society Colonization, profit, persuasion and coercion Druthers noted that suicide rates were here in more individualistic communities less social integration and lower levels of moral regulation Mechanical solidarity (before industrialization) a society that is bonded together by likeness or by a collective commitment to conformity Organic solidarity (with industrialization) and moral regulation have the potential to keep deviance at a functional level Martens Anomie and Strain Theories: The (North) American Dream Gone Awry Morton suggested that deviance originates not only from the individual, but also from the structure of society Morton said that in North America, the goals we are to aspire to include wealth, status/power, and prestige -Society is structured in a way that ivies benefit to or rewards those who have attained these institutionalized goals Our culture is also characterized by legitimate means of attaining those goals Anomie and strain have come to characterize American society Demonstrativenesss of the means simply attaining the institutionalized goals has become more important than how one attains them According to Morton, people can adapt to the gap betw een goals and means in 5 different ways, some of which result in deviance: 1. Conformity person keeps pursuing wealth, power, prestige by working hard and going to school 2. Innovation can result in deviance. Accepts the institutionalized goals, but rejects the legitimate means and seeks alternative ways to achieve goals 3. Ritualism given up on or reduced the institutionalized goals but continues to engage in the legitimate means 4. Retreats people reject both the institutionalized goals and the legitimate means (e. G. Alcohol abuse, drug addiction) 5. Rebellion reject both institutionalized goals and legitimate means they substitute new goals and new means Differential Opportunity Theory: Access to the Illegitimate World Collard and Loins 1960) theory, like Morton, suggests that the way society is structured results in differential access to legitimate opportunities Collard and Olin go on to propose that the way society is structured also results in differential access to illegitimate opportunities depending on ones neighborhood, one may be more or less likely to be deviant May Join criminal gangs, become part of retreats gangs or Join conflict gangs (which fight for status and power) Agnes General Strain Theory: The Effect of Negative Emotions Agene proposes that strain can be produced by a variety of processes. While it can occur when we are unable to achieve goals, it may also arise when valued stimuli are removed (e. G. He loss of a Job, divorce) Deviance emerges only when strain is accompanied by negative affect (anger, d epression, anxiety) Recently, Agene developed a more macro-level strain theory: Suggests deviance will be more prevalent in certain locations within the social structure because of the large number of people who are experiencing strain Status Frustration Theory: The Middle Class Classroom Albert Cohen claims that inequalities in the structure of society are reproduced in he classroom, resulting in delinquent subcultures among lower-class boys Middle class norms dominate in society this creates a middle-class measuring rod that lower-class boys find difficult to live up to The schools emphasis on delayed gratification, politeness and the value of hard work does not correspond well with disappearing or being taken away. Politeness may compromise safety and toughness is emphasized instead The value of hard work may be unapparent see their parents working very hard with no progress Status frustration experience a taxation similar to strain Mutual conversion they Join together with other lower- class boys who are having the same experience Reaction formation develop a set of oppositional standards at which they are able to succeed Limitations of Functionalist Theories of Deviance Macroeconomic: a state wherein an individuals self-transcendence values are exceeded by self-enhancement values Learning Theories: People Learn to Be Deviant Learning theories: explain deviant behavior as a result of the learning process people learn to be deviant Edwin Sutherland developed a theory that focuses on explaining the nature of the learning process differential association Sutherland proposed that deviant behavior is learned through the same process by which conforming behavior is learned If people are exposed to more deviant definitions than conforming definitions overall, they are likely to become deviant themselves Not all group interactions have the same impact on our learning process The extent of group influence varies by frequency Duration Priority to small group interactions Intensity or in how important a particular group is to us Naturalization Theory: Rationalizing Deviance Sykes and Matzo (1957) the most important motives that are learned, which open the door for deviance, are techniques of naturalization Part of what deviant people learn are the rationalizations of their behavior, by rationalizing their behavior, they can convince themselves that what they are doing is not really wrong 5 Naturalization techniques: Denial of injury Denial of the victim Denial of responsibility Condemnation of the condemners Appealing to higher loyalties Social Learning Theory: Rewards, Punishments, and Imitation According to the Social Learning theory, all of our behavior is the result of definitions, differential association, imitation and differential reinforcement People engage in deviance because they either have been rewarded for it in the past or have seen other people being rewarded for it Akers suggests that dimensions of the social structure create the differential contexts in which learning occurs for different people focus on why not all people become deviant Suggest that deviant behavior inherently attractive, exciting, and appealing Social Bonds Theory: Social Bonds Restrain Us Travis Hirsch (1969) Four types of social bonds rein most of us in, restraining us from deviance: 1 . Attachment to parents, teachers, and peers emotional attachment 2. Commitment to conformity being committed to conventional activities like school, work, organized sports 3. Involvement in conventional activities less time for deviance 4. Beliefs in the norms, values and assumptions that compose the c onventional world Self-Control Theory: We Restrain Ourselves Hirsch and Michael Cottonseeds suggest that self-control is central to explaining why some people are predisposed to deviant acts

Design a Marketing Plan for a Tourist Attraction Essay

Design a Marketing Plan for a Tourist Attraction - Essay Example Many departments are there in the museum which showcases the collections from different nations. This museum is a public body. The expenses of the museum are sponsored by Department of Media, Culture, and Sports of UK. A huge number of visitors daily comes in British Museum. The accesses of this museum are from Goodge Street stations and Russell Square. British Museum is considered as one of the popular places in attracting tourists. The main purpose of this Museum is to provide knowledge to the visitors about different collections. This knowledge will help the visitors to understand many things about history and present environment. All the collections are well presented in the museum which attracts a large number of tourist from different places of the world. The British Museum also holds many educational programs and exhibitions. Learning facilities are provided by the museum to common people regarding different time, culture, and places. The museum is continuously improving its m anagement qualities for providing a better experience to the visitors. It is enhancing many facilities for encouraging curatorial endeavor. The museum has a wide range of target visitors. Students, tourists, professional people come to visit the museum. The main target market of this museum is mainly London. But people from all over the world come to the museum. To encourage the visitor's museum do not charge entry fees from the people. British Museum conducts different workshops for which it charges entry fees from the people. The ticket price of different workshops varies. The British Museum is perceived as a center of learning by many people. The visitors think that the museum has showcased all of its collecting in a very interesting and unique way. The museum has utilized its area effectively by blending history, technology, and modern culture.  

Letter to a future student Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Letter to a future student - Assignment Example This was an exciting time to take this course because many of our discussions were about the state of the economy today. The global economic crisis is a very relevant study in macroeconomics. My experience in working on the integrated project was challenging. I had a difficult time communicating exactly what I wanted to say at times. I studied a major international corporation (McDonalds) for my project. I learned how macroeconomic conditions influence the decisions a big corporation has to make. I also clearly could see that large, multinational corporations are major players in a macroeconomic sense once they are firmly established in some nations. If you want to succeed in this class, the best thing you can do is to learn the vocabulary and keep good notes on the different macroeconomic theories. Learn all you can about Keynes and use this as a reference point for comparing the other theories. If you can keep the theories and vocabulary words sorted out, you are going to be successful in this

Critical Analysis of Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Critical Analysis of Research - Essay Example This document explores in detail, the purpose of the research, the techniques used in data collection and data analysis, findings of the research, the limitations of the study and finally gives the conclusion of the research. The document starts by giving an introduction to the study. In the introduction, the study provides a definition of power and then explores the various dimensions of power as brought out by different studies in the past. The document then explains how the research was conducted. It includes the qualifications and originality of the original researcher involved in the study and the methods of data collection and analysis. The document then goes ahead to give a detailed account of the findings of the study in relation to the three dimensions of power. The paper finally gives the limitations of the study and finally gives a clear conclusion from the study. Like any other study conducted before, this study has its strengths, weaknesses and assumptions that character ize it. These strengths and weaknesses manifest in the various stages of the study as outlined. In the introduction, the document gives a clear definition of terms as used in the study to enable any reader to understand the material as intended. It also provides a historical background of the study of the various dimensions of power, outlines the three aspects of power and how they manifest in society in general. It then gives a description of the different modes of public participation to prepare the reader for the case studies that form the backbone of the study (Culley & Hughey 2008: 100). The study uses a variety of techniques to collect the data required for the study. It is a major strength of the study since it is easy to determine the consistency of the obtained data from the various sources before making a meaningful conclusion. Interview was one of the methods of data collection

SABMiller PESTLE and SWOT Analysis

SABMiller PESTLE and SWOT Analysis INTRODUCTION: SABMiller is an international brewing company which not only relates with brewing business but also deal with hotels and gaming world. SABMiller Company comes from the organization SAB (The South African Breweries Limited) which was founded in 1895 and the position of SABMiller in todays market is they are having 98% share of the beer market. The main objective of an organization is to achieve commercial success in beer and other beverages by gaining customer satisfaction over quality and services as well as by fulfilling stakeholders expectation. For achieving this objective organization fulfill their goals of business growth and maximized long term shareholder value. SABMiller plays an important role in the South African soft drink market by holding 74% interest in Amalgamated Beverage Industry Ltd, the worlds largest bottling company of Coco-Cola products with an ownership of Appletiser South Africa Private Ltd. At the end of 31 M arch 2009, SABMiller is listed on the London and J ohannesburg stock exchanges, the group reported US$3,405 million in adjusted as pretax profit and group revenue of US$25,302 million. http://www.sabmiller.com/index.asp?pageid=180 (Accessed: 17/12/2009) HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT: BECOMING A GLOBAL BREWER HISTORY OF SAB: The South African Breweries Limited (SAB) was founded in 1895 and today SABMiller holds 98 percent share of the beer market. Jones, Adam (2003). In 1895 The South African Breweries Limited (SAB) is incorporated in London. SAB gain an ownership of Castle Brewery in Johannesburg, South Africa. In the same year company got a listing on London stock exchange, a brand new product Castle Larger got launched from a new commissioned lager brewery having capacity of 50,000 barrels per annum. In 1897 SAB got a position in Johannesburg Stock Exchange, SAB was the first industrial company which got listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange and got first industrial share. In 1898SAB started producing Castle lager, which becomes a phenomenal success. In 1911 SAB started importing seeds free of charges and reduced to buy crop at market prices which results in stimulation in local market. In 1925 by buying a stake in the Schweppes Company, SAB diversifies into soft drinks. In 1950 SAB moved head office from London to Johannesburg. In 1956 SAB purchased Ohlssons Cape Breweries and Chandlers Union Breweries take, resulting union of three largest South African brewing companies and SAB gained 90 percent of the domestic market.. In 1994 by gaining joint venture with China Resources Enterprise Limited, SAB accessed in the Chinese beer market. In 1999 SAB reestablished headquarters in London. SABs divestment program reduces interests in beer, soft drinks, wines and spirits, and hotel and gaming. In 2000 SAB gain an accessed in Indian market by acquiring Narang Breweries and purchased its first brewery plant. http://www.sabmiller.com/index.asp?pageid=27 (Accessed: 17/12/2009) ESTABLISHMENT OF SABMILLER: In 2002 Company changes its name to SABMiller as SAB acquired number two U.S beer maker Miller Brewing Company for $3.48 billion in stock. In 2003Company purchased 60% stocks of Birra Peroni, Italys number two brewer. This was the first major investment SABMiller did in Western Europe. In 2005 Company merge with a Grupo Empresarial Bavaria, South Americas second largest brewer In 2008 SABMiller got control over Grolsch by acquisition and announced the construction of a new beverage plant in Juba, Southern Sudan. http://www.sabmiller.com/index.asp?pageid=27 (Accessed: 18/12/2009) STRATEGIC POSITION OF SAB IN 2007: According to many authors, Strategy plays an important role in organization for achieving objective and getting exposure in the corporate market, for example according to Andrews (1980) strategy can define various factors of an organization such as company policies, its range of business, its human and economic organization and its contribution to stakeholder. Johnson and Scholes (1999) cited strategy as a scope and direction of an organization over the long term period. To meet the proper need of markets and to fulfill stakeholder expectations, organisazation must utilize proper configuration of resources within a flexible environment to gain advantage. According to Grant (1995) corporate strategy deals with the ways in which a corporation manages a set of business together. By understanding the concepts of these authors and to identify the Strategic position of SAB it is must to analyze factors like business environment, core competencies, capabilities and stakeholder expectation, and these factors will be analyze by using PESTEL analysis and SWOT analysis. SABMiller is a operating throughout the world and its networking is globalized if we compare its position in year 2007. It is having a good developed and mature market in many countries throughout the world, such as South Africa (Local market), Rest of Africa, Asia and Eastern Europe, USA and Western Europe, Latin America. Let us discuss different markets of SABMiller throughout the world. SABMiller is having a well known and traditional market in South Africa. SABMiller monopolized different industries. Sales show that the growth potential is very low but profit factor is still there as customers are trading up to the segments. AIDS is a huge threat for the company in terms of availability of work force and this will play a negative impact on the disposable income of the population which will affect SABMiller. The market in South Africa is under threat. The market in Rest of Africa is highly potential having volatile political landscape. Business in Rest of Africa is explore and presence in Tanzania, Zambia, Mozambique, Angola and many on and still continue to grow, which is helped by clear segmentation strategy and by border distribution. These markets trade in soft currencies which is a very risky factor as seen in Botswana. By analyzing these markets in SABMiller portfolio the risk factor might lose confidence from stakeholders, as many core competences of SABMiller were developed in these markets. Markets in Asia and Eastern Europe show different characteristics like highly fragments, increasing disposable income and Due to these characteristics SABMiller gain an easy access to enter into these markets. While penetrating in Indian and Chinese market, SABMiller faced different problems like regulations and high competition but they are still exploring and expanding themselves in the markets like Vietnam. The markets in Western Europe and USA are very different to the once that SABMiller used to operate, as these are highly saturated and concentrated. Due to the perception made by stakeholders they traded too much using soft currencies. Miller started losing market quickly and SAB took an advantage over it and bring its own performance rating System to monitor employee. SABMiller perform very well in Latin American market. They were constantly doing their best in Latin American market. SABMiller put great efforts to take over Grupo Empresarial Bavaria and they have done it. PESTEL ANALYSIS: (P)OLITICAL: While dealing with government a great political sensitivity is needed. SABMiller faced problems in Regulation and Quality laws (e.g. Countries like India and China) for producing beer in large quantity and to gain economy of scale. Productivity got affected due to the political stability in certain countries like Botswana. (E)CONOMIC: SABMiller got really hurt because of devaluation of soft currencies. Markets in India and China gave very low profit margin. A highly rising cost of energy and aluminum affects the profitability. Latin market of SABMiller increased from 25.2 to 52.1 % which make harder to get out money from the market. Development of Fragmented market facilitate easer takeover. (S)OCIAL: SABMiller got adversely affected by new trends like wines and Spirits. Lifestyles in emerging markets have changed and beer consumption got increased due to the increase in the availability of disposable income. A devastating effect (T)ECHNOLOGICAL: Due to modern machinery, new packing can be easily introduced as evidenced in Czech. Easier to manage the ever broadening distribution network. A variation of beer got introduced in to the market. (E)NVIRONMENTAL: SABMillers profitability adversely got affected due to weather condition in Latin American market in 2006. (L)EGAL: Due to the local law, takeover attempts may generate problems. SWOT ANALYSIS: (S)TRENGTHS: Very strong in local market. Excellent portfolio and a large brand. High operational productivity. Different skills to succeed in developing markets. Economy scale is very high due to large market shares in some markets. Strong distribution channels and global networking. (W)EAKNESSES: Tendency of acquisitions. Dependability over the Soft currency. Expertise limited to the brewing industry only. Government acts as a key player, as main market are in highly volatile areas like Africa and Asia. (O)PPORTUNITY: Strongly growth of emerging markets. It is easy for SABMiller to buy in to a market with the help of highly fragmented developing mark (T)HREATS: AIDS problem in South Africa. Constantly rising cost of energy and aluminium affects the SABMiller profitability. Strong competition in countries India and China. SABMiller got affected adversely due to the new trends like wines and spirits. STRATEGIC IMPLIMENTATION IN FUTURE: A current strategic position of SABMillers has provided information about opportunities and challenges which it face in its business environment but it does not match with stake holder expectations, core competences and market reality because of which a dilemma got generated for SABMiller. To get proper strategy implementation in future for SABMiller a tool Ansoff Matrix is used. There are different choices available to SABMiller. CONSOLIDATION: By holding firms in the developing market this strategy will focus on reducing market risk like Western Europe, USA and Africa. This does not give any importance to competences developed by the company by initiating risky moves. As the company is highly efficient it is easily feasible. But the main issue is acceptance of this strategy as stake holders would not be really happy with this choice. PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT: This is very flexible and aggressive strategy where by company can respond by developing new products to the market. Premium beer segment is rapidly growing, as company will get a good product opportunity. For most parts, this strategy will be a usual business strategy and will build on what company has been doing throughout the year. But the growth of future is balance without any guaranty as customers (Drinkers) can be fiercely loyal to their existing brand. Stake holders will surely accept this strategy as it is certainly feasible. MARKET DEVELOPMENT: A new market segment is called as market development. SABMiller is having an excellent reputation in the brewing industry and by using this strategy SABMiller can easily tap out its competitors. African market is having a high potential for expansion of SABMiller. But small factors like AIDS, political instability and soft currencies are worrying the stakeholders if SABMiller decided to expand in Africa. This strategy will give highly profitable in markets like Asia, Eastern Europe and Latin America, as Miller gain success in Russian market by using this strategy. The problem which may occur will be of stakeholders expectation and which totally depends on market condition. JOINT VENTURE: This is the strategy which will be useful for the SABMiller in USA and Western European market. A joint venture with a major western brewer can bring to the table what SABMiller lacks (Penetration into competitive and saturated market). But the problem is of risk factor. As it is very risky business, opening up the developing markets to high profile competitor. DIVERSIFICATION: It is the least attractive strategy which SABMiller can use as an option. SABMiller is one of those companies which are having a true portfolio management. The implementation of synergy portfolio logic will be interested to see as it can work in favor of SABMiller by adding business to its portfolio which gives compliment and support to its core brewery business. ANSOFF MATRIX ANALYSIS: MARKET PENETRATION: Introduction of SABMillers premium brands in the USA and Western European market. MARKET DEVELOPMENT: Global expansion, particularly in developed and saturated market. New breweries in countries like Indian, Chinese and Vietnam. Development in border distribution channels in Africa. PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT: Rapid growth of premium segment offers product development opportunity to SABMiller. DIVERSIFICATION: SABMiller is already having true portfolio of hotels, gambling centers and a match factory. CONCLUSION: From the past history SABMiller has shown a core competency in developing strategies and environmental scanning. The failure of penetrating in the saturated market and to defend its market from emerging competitors must be a challenging task for SABMiller. In future SABMiller have to face tough competition from its rivals. The key to SABMillers success will be a proper implementation of strategy and its brand portfolio. REFERENCES:  · Andrews, K.R. (1965), The concept of corporate strategy, New York: Dow Jones-Irwin.  · Grant, R.M (1995) Contemporary Strategy Analysis, 2nd edition, Basil Blackwell: Oxford  · Johnson, G and Scholes, K (1999) Exploring Corporate Strategy: Text and cause (5th edn). Harlow: Person Education.  · www.sabmiller.com http://www.sabmiller.com/index.asp?pageid=180 (Accessed: 17/12/2009)  · http://www.sabmiller.com/index.asp?pageid=27 (Accessed: 17/12/2009) BIBLOGRAPHY:  · Anderson, Robert, and John Willman, SAB Buys Czech Republics Largest Brewer,Financial Times,October 8, 1999, p. 23.  · Andrews, K.R. (1965), The concept of corporate strategy  · Ansoff, H.I. (1965), Corporate strategy: an analytic approach to business policy for growth and expansion, London: McGraw-Hill.  · Bobinski, Christopher, and Roderick Oram, South African Breweries in Polish Acquisition,Financial Times, 1996.  · Grant, R.M (1995) Contemporary Strategy Analysis, 2nd edition, Basil Blackwell: Oxford  · Johnson, G and Scholes, K (1999) Exploring Corporate Strategy.  · Martin, Peter, Selling Old Beer in New Bottles,Financial Times, 2002.  · Pringle, David, Miller Deal Brings Stability to SAB,Wall Street Journal, 2002.  · Simon, Bernard, An Old School Brewer for Miller,New York Times, 2003.  · â€Å"Trouble Brewing for the ANC,Economist, 1994.  · Willman, John, and Robert Anderson, SAB Is Prepared for More Beer and Scuffles,Financial Times, 1999.  · www.sabmiller.com.

Gender Roles in American Society Essay -- Sociology American Culture

Gender Roles in American Society   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Femininity and masculinity are topics that have been debated over in our society extensively, through psychological research and day to day interaction with people. Children learn from their parents as well as society the concept of â€Å"feminine† and â€Å"masculine.† The majority of people tend to believe that these conceptions are biological but I believe it is more cultural. From birth, female children are shaped by society as being sweet, caring, loving, and delicate and usually associated with the color pink. While male children are shaped by being tough, aggressive, and competitive and associated with the color blue. As these children grow, the boy is given a football to play with and the girl a Barbie. All of these aspects illustrate how gender socialization takes place early in children’s lives and how society has made it a norm to accept these stereotypes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The majority of the stereotypes are usually influenced by the child’s parents. Children are not worried about their gender or identity until late childhood. It is then that the child will begin to develop a sense of self and begin to understand their own identity. Gender roles in Western culture have been changing constantly in recent years due to the fact that there are constant changes in our society (women entering the workforce, Betty the homemaker is not too ideal these days, and single parent homes). Gender roles are part of the socialization process. These ideals are...

Supersize me Essay

In the documentary Supervise Me, Morgan Spurious embarks on a Journey to eat McDonald's fast food for every meal for an entire month. One of the main reasons for choosing McDonald's Is that this company represents 43% of the entire fast food market. There are a few rules, including that he has to eat every Item on the menu at least once and If they ask to supervise the meal, he must say yes. The purpose for this experiment was to see if fast food companies are too blame for the obesity epidemic going on in America right now.Some don't agree that obesity is that big of a deal, but sixty percent of Americans are either overweight or obese. I would call that a major issue. The fast food industry is most definitely partially to blame for obesity in the United States. Some people believe that it is not the companies' faults that people are becoming obese because that person chose to eat fast food. In a way, I do agree. But it is the fast food companies' responsibilities to make It known h ow unhealthy the food they are serving Is. To burn off a superseded Coke, fry, and Big Mac, you would eve to walk for seven hours straight.In addition, Spurious found that most McDonald's around the country did not have nutrition facts available for reference In the restaurant. Morality plays a major part in this issue. The Catholic Social Teaching of life and dignity of the human person is what is at stake. For every child born in the year 2000, one third will develop diabetes. This will cut anywhere from seventeen to twenty- seven years off your life. During the documentary, Spurious loses muscle and replaces it with fat because of all of the Junk he is putting in his body.His blood pressure was raised, and he was at stake of getting seriously ill. If a person eats too much fast food, they will become sick. It is very possible for an obsession with fast food to lead to obesity, which is linked to many other fatal diseases. A person's life may be at stake, which Is not morally righ t. In 2010, the Supreme Court ruled that corporations are viewed as Individuals. Therefore, they have the right to express their pollen, advertise to anyone they please, and have total control over their business. The average child sees 10,000 TV DSL per year.This means that companies are talking to children just as much, if not more than, their parents. If they were responsible with this power, then I would not have a problem with it. I think that there is a line between selling a product and doing whatever it takes to sell a product. If a company, like McDonald's, was appropriate in their advertising and kept the dignity of people in mind, then I don't think obesity would be a major issue anymore. This ties in with the Catholic Social Teaching of rights and responsibilities.In conclusion, I think that the fast food Industry Is partially to blame for obesity In the united States. Everyone does have a responsibility for their own health, but fast food companies have their own respon sibilities. They have the responsibility to make the Ingredients In their food known, and have healthy options. We as a country should hold them to this responsibility. With obesity rates rising, it could soon be the to our bodies and the fast food industry needs to realize that they need to do a better job of helping obesity rates decline.

How to Stress Syllables in English

How to Stress Syllables in English Words are made up of letters and those letters create syllable sounds.  You can recognize a syllable by remembering that each one contains a vowel sound.  For example, in the word computer,  there are three syllables: com /  pu  /  ter. The word  bike, however, has only one syllable. A single syllable may contain as little as just one letter, or as many as five: idea - i / de / a (three syllables) cough - cough (one syllable) In words that have more than one syllable, one syllable will be stressed. In English, there are a number of word syllable stress patterns. Counting Syllables You can check how many syllables a word has by putting your hand under your chin and saying a word. Each time your chin moves to make a vowel sound, count a syllable. For example, the word difficult  moves your chin three times. Therefore, difficult is three syllables. Exercise Count the number of syllables in each of these words. Answers are below. housejacketglassesencyclopediaemployerinformationtroublemaker  thought  happyincoherent Answers 1 (house)2 (ja / ket)2 (gla / sses)6 (en / cy / clo / pe / di / a)3 (em / ploy / er)4 (in / for / ma / tion)4 (trou / ble /ma / ker)1 (thought)2 (ha / ppy)4 (in / co / her / ent) Word Syllable Stress In multi-syllable words, the stress falls on one of the syllables. The other syllables tend to be spoken quickly. This leads to sounds that are not clear (muted) on unstressed syllables. In order to improve your pronunciation, focus on pronouncing the stressed syllable clearly. However, dont be afraid to mute (not say clearly) the other unstressed vowels. For example: Listen  to these specific examples. Notice where the syllables are stressed: PersonNELTOtallyInDUstrialToMAtoFanTAstic One Syllable - Stressed All one-syllable words have the stress on the one syllable. The intonation should go down.   Listen  to the general pattern. EATDRINKSIGNWELL Two-Syllable First Syllable Stressed Listen  to the general pattern and these specific examples: GIantPICtureHEAting Second Syllable Stressed Listen  to the general pattern and these specific examples: toDAYaHEADaLLOW Three-Syllable First Syllable Stressed Listen  to the general pattern and these specific examples: ENergyOperateORganize Second Syllable Stressed Listen  to the general pattern and these specific examples: meMORialaSSUMPtioncaNAdian Third Syllable Stressed Listen  to the general pattern and these specific examples: employEEjapanESEvoluntEER Four-Syllable Second Syllable Stressed Listen  to the general pattern and these specific examples: psyCHOLogyeVAporatecerTIficate Third Syllable Stressed Listen  to the general pattern and these specific examples: poliTIcianindiVIdualrepuTAtion Double Vowel Sounds Its not the number of letters that make up a syllable, rather it is the number of single vowel sounds. Sometimes, a number of vowels combine to make just a single sound. For example: tree 1 sound goal 1 sound because 1 sound Common Double Vowel Sounds Its important to learn spelling patterns for these sounds. Here are some of the most common: ay - (diphthong EI sound)  play, say, may au - (long A sound) fault, launch, haunt augh - (long A sound) caught, taught, daughter augh - (short A sound as in cat) laugh ee - (long EE sound) tree, see, three ea - (long EE sound) each, peach, teach ea - (short E sound) dead, head, health ea - (long EE sound) break, steak, great eu - (long U sound) deuce, sleuth ei - (diphthong EI sound) beil, eight, weigh ey - (diphthong EI sound) they, grey eigh - (diphthong EI sound) eight, freight eigh - (long EE sound) seize eigh - (diphthong AI sound) height ie - (long EE sound) thief, pice ie - (long I sound) die, tie oo - (long U sound) moo, boo oo - (short U sound) book, foot oa - (long O sound) boat, moat oe - (long O sound) hoe, Joe oi - (diphthong OY sound) soil, toil ou - (long O sound) soul, your ou - (short U sound) tough, rough ue - (long U sound) cue, muse ui - (long U sound) fruit, juice Schwa for Unstressed Syllables Unstressed syllables keep the correct sound, but are muted. Sometimes, unstressed vowels become a  schwa sound  - like a soft uh sound. Listen  to these specific examples: LittleRepeatTomato At other times, the vowel is pronounced but not stressed. Listen  to these specific examples: IndustrialNoisily Generally speaking, stressed syllables retain a clear vowel sound, while unstressed syllables tend to soften towards a schwa-like sound.

The eNotes Blog Back to the Future a Coping Mechanism for theApocalypse

Back to the Future a Coping Mechanism for theApocalypse Worried about the world collapsing in on itself this Saturday? How about believing in something thatll give you a 300-year grace period on  Armageddon instead? Blame it on the weatherman. Bad news: you were 297 years premature when you partied like it was 1999. Silver lining: youll survive the end of days. Thats right, if the Phantom Time Hypothesis is correct, the above scenario wont take place for another three centuries. Phew. According to the theory, the years between 614 and 911AD never existed. For this to be true, the history normally attributed to that time is either a misinterpretation or a deliberate falsification of the evidence. Dont believe it? Like any good conspiracy theory, this one comes with cold hard (you can take those adjectives with a pinch of salt, methinks) facts Due to a lack of archeological evidence and historical accounts of this time period, a man called Herman Illig developed the idea in 1990 that most of what we know of the Early Middle Ages had been deliberately falsified. The grounds for his hypothesis also lie in the shift from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar, as well as the unbelievable history of Emperor Charlemagne. The bases of the hypothesis include: The apparent stagnation in the development of architecture, ceramics and thought as well as the lack of substantial documentary evidencethis is why the first part of this period is called the ‘Dark Ages’suggests this period simply didn’t exist. There is very little archaeological evidence which can be reliably dated to this period; our account is based on a quite limited number of written sources (which could be faked or just wrong). The Pope introduced the new Gregorian calendar in 1582 to replace the Julian one, when it was 10 days out of sync. If the error had been building up since the introduction of the Julian calendar in 45  ad, it ought to have been 13 days outso the intervening period must have been overstated by 300 years.  Mainstream historians have a simple explanation, though: the purpose of the change was to bring the calendar into line with the Council of Nicaea in 325  ad, not with 45 adwhich accounts for the discrepancy. Architect, astronomer, educator,  philologist,   folklorist, lawmaker, statesmanthe range of achievements credited to Charlemagne is so great that it implies he is a mythical figure. Dubious it is, though you may be more inclined to believe it now that the world is evidently coming to an end. Id post the arguments against the theory, but Id rather remain cheery on this, my final Monday. And to make you even cheerier, start the video below at the 30 minute mark to watch Qi quizmaster Stephen Fry et al make light of an implausible idea. So, Happy New Year 1715, and hurray for false history lessons! For further reading, take a look at these and decide on the verity of the Phantom Time Hypothesis for yourself: The Myth of Charlemagne QiTime (Phantom Time Hypothesis)

Competitive Structure and Resources of Southwest Airlines Research Paper

Competitive Structure and Resources of Southwest Airlines - Research Paper Example Even though it is common knowledge that Southwest Airlines has a very large share of the market, there are also as many buyers or air transport travelers as possible, who use the serves of other airlines within the market region where Southwest Airlines operate (Mazzeo, 2009). As far as buyer entry barriers are concerned, there are no buyer entry barriers for patrons of air transportation and this gives a very strong indication as to why Southwest Airlines is operating a perfect competition. Even more, regardless of all the successes that has been seen by the airline in its market segment, there continues to be fierce competition among other key competitors with no competitor having a market share of more than 30% (Prince and Simon, 2009). What this means is that market share is low and there are other substitute products in terms of other forms of transportation that consumer may fall on. Macro and international influences on the firm As an international company, the operations of S outhwest Airlines are greatly affected by a number of macro and international factors, of which the company barely has no authority or control over. Whereas some of these macro and international influences are political, some are economical, whiles others are social. As far as political factors are concerned, it is on record that even though the American and Chinese governments have each tried as much as possible to keep taxes on air transport minimal, factors like homeland security, infrastructure enhancement and environmental protection have led to a situation whereby there are huge sums of taxes imposed on the traveling public (Mazzeo, 2009). These taxes are often translated into higher airline tickets, which generally affect the rate at which people choose to travel by air. The table below represents some of the special commercial aviation taxes that are paid in the United States, where Southwest Airline is very dominant. Type of Tax Rate Passenger ticket tax 7.50% Flight Segmen t Tax (Domestic) $3.8 Frequent Flyer Tax 7.5% International Departure Tax $16.7 International Arrival Tax %16.7 September 11th Fee $2.5 Customs User Fee $5.5 Federal Security Sub-charge $2.5 Passenger Facility Charge $4.5 Source: Airlines for America By provisions of the government, these are taxes that are inevitable to the airline and those influences its pricing, promotions and marketing style all together. The economic recession, which has over the years become unpredictable, and growing inflation problems are some macro economic factors that affect the company. What is more, demographics of travelers happens to be a majority macro social factor that influences Southwest Airlines given that air transport is fast becoming the preserve of the elite and that there has to be more of the higher social class emanating from society to get the market really booming. Changes in market structure Over the years, the market structure with which Southwest Airlines competed in has changed sig nificantly. Most of these changes have actually taken place in terms of the availability of skill, labor and raw materials. For instance, with the advancement of technology, which is dominating almost every type of industrial sector in the global economic regime, the use of highly skilled labor force is no longer an optional choice for the

Police Inhuman Treatment of Female Offenders Essay

Police Inhuman Treatment of Female Offenders - Essay Example She believes her complaint would have been "swept under the carpet" if not for a letter on her behalf from former Supreme Court judge Ted Mullighan’ (news.com.au). The news primarily deals with the complaint of one ‘Lee’ (name changed) who was picked up by the police when she had failed to attend a court hearing on a minor theft from a shop in the 1990s. It had taken the court proceedings and police more than 13 years to pick her up from the same address where she had been residing since the time she had committed the offense. She was stripped naked by four male police and put in the padded cell for about an hour before letting her join the rest of the jail inmates. As a child, Lee was sexually abused in a foster home and gave evidence to the same in the Mullighan inquiry. She is a mother of three children and for her, this incident ‘was like being raped all over again†¦I cant put words to what they have done to me, it is just inhumane’. She had lodged a complaint to the complaints authority in 2006, the verdict of which is still awaited. Judge Mulligan has said that despite her traumatic childhood experience, Lee has largely kept herself out of any trouble and has brought up her children alone. Since her complaint, more people have come out in her support, who themselves had undergone same humiliation in the Christie beach police station. In a letter to Police Commissioner Mal Hyde, obtained by The Advertiser, the Police Complaints Authority says it has "long-standing disquiet" over the practice, which has been labeled "violent and disturbing" by civil libertarians. The complaints authority investigator, Helen Lines has been concerned about the practice that violates the personal dignity of the persons and ‘would focus on the practice of using padded cells to confine distressed prisoners to prevent them from harming themselves with their clothing’. George Mancini of SA. Council of Civil Liberties has also been shocked at the ‘humiliating and violent’ practice and says that the distressed prisoners need to be handled with more sensitivity and care.

Literacy Autobiography Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Literacy Autobiography Assignment - Essay Example The major advantage is that finance is applied uniformly across different industries and in different countries. Consequently, the motivation behind pursuing finance was modelled by the universality of the career and the versatility that the career offers, which may not be possible in other careers today. A career in finance promises the fastest rate of career advancement compared to other careers today. Compared to other industries, there is much less defined levels of seniority when it comes to finance, making it possible for employees to advance much faster in their career progression goals. In most careers, high performers in finance do move up the ladder much faster compared to the less performing staff regardless of their age. This particularly makes finance the most attractive discipline for ambitious people or those who need to prove their readiness to succeed in the highest levels of management despite their age. All that one need is the right qualifications and the determin ation to work harder and smarter to be courted by leading corporates or work privately to realize these goals. This explains the reason why relatively young finance managers have taken over highly performing organizations today. There is unending thirst for those highly qualified in finance, a thirst that the market has failed to quench. As a result, while careers in other industries are shrinking, in finance the field is ever widening to accommodate more with the high performing professionals finding an easy way to the most lucrative jobs. An article in Forbes magazine stated that currently, there is an increasing demand for financial advisors as more Baby Boomers approach their retirement age and need help on financial management (Touryalai). In addition, the article states that in American today, only 5% of more than 316,000 financial advisers are below 30 years of age, and that the bulk of the existing financial advisors are nearing their retirement age. This has created a huge demand in finance-based professions with the demand expected to increase with time. The operation culture in most finance-based careers offers a favourable working environment that may not be realized in most careers. In finance, the main requirements for professionalism are smartness in thinking, rapid response to situations with the correct solutions and constant flow of results within the required constraints. While these factors may be difficult for some, they are exhilarating for those who make things to happen and are eager to achieve their potentials. Moreover, most firms have much less thin staffing margins and lack the bureaucracy that is common in most careers. Mark Tibergian the CEO of Pershing Advisor Solutions remarked that financial advisors are in a career that offers the right degree of independence for employees and that the career stimulates the intellect of such professionals (Touryalai). This leads to increased confidence and being in control of things in an orga nization. The career in this case will only call for exceptionally hard work, commitment and the right focus to remain afloat, besides succeeding. Those who achieve these qualities will certainly reap great benefits. Finance careers offer the best remunerations compared to other careers in different industries. Considering the field requires those with a thirst to succeed, who have to employ commitment, and the best of

Raising self esteem Essay Example for Free

Raising self esteem Essay Introduction This paper explains briefly the research proposal which specifically focuses on the programs proven to be effective in raising self-esteem in at-risk youth. This research proposal includes the background of the study, statement of the problem, statement of hypothesis, the significance of this study and scope and limitation of the study. Background of the Study The extent to which youth are labeled at-risk varies according to different authorities from psychology, education, sociology, and other fields (Astroh, 1993). Some authorities maintain that all youth are born at high risk (Glenn Nelsen, 1988). Others estimate that one-quarter of 10-17 year olds are at-risk Dryfoos, 1990). In more recent development, the number of youth in their high-risk years who commit offenses will increase: by 2010, 10- to 14-year-old juvenile offenders are projected to increase by about 6 percent, while ages 15 to 19 are expected to increase nearly 20 percent Brown Sevcik, 1999). Effective at-risk youth programs begin with determining who are going to be served. It is through them that programs determine the kinds of designs that are most appropriate for at-risk youth and the policies needed to support an effective high performance youth training system. According to Astroh (1993), broad generalizations about youth can detract from targeted efforts to address real-not perceived-problems in local communities. The loose definition of at-risk youth refers to those youth most likely to fail in school and the labor market. Furthermore, the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act adopted by Congress defines youth at risk as a youth at risk of educational failure or dropping out of school or involvement in delinquent activities (Brown Sevcik, 1999). More specifically, there are some methods in defining at-risk youth such as the Group Characteristics and the Skill Levels (Center for Human Resources, 1993). In the first method, at-risk population is defined in terms of demographic characteristics—having low income, being black or Hispanic, having dropped out of school, or receiving welfare. More recently, behavioral characteristics such as court-involvement, teen parenting and substance abuse have been identified as additional risk factors. At-risk youth, then, are frequently defined in terms of a list of characteristics, or combinations of characteristics (CHR, 1993). Many states depend exclusively on these kinds of demographic indicators to define the at-risk population, because of the strong research base (CHR, 1993). However, the major drawback to using only group characteristics is that when used in planning, they tend to mask the real skill issues that need to be addressed (CHR, 1993). The Skill Levels approach defines at-risk youth in terms of specific skill deficits or levels of employability; it focuses much more specifically on skills which can be matched up more directly with employer expectations (CHR, 1993). However, some practitioners argue that a purely skill-based definition fails to take into account important social and cultural barriers to Employment (CHR, 1993). To address this problem, CHR (1993) comes up with a hybrid definition. Here, one might define at-risk youth as those who are dropouts, or minorities, or teen parents and who lack specific educational and/or work skills. The purpose of a hybrid definition is to gain the advantages of the skill approach that is, targeting those with clearly specified employment skill needs while formally recognizing some of the social factors that exacerbate the risks of failure in the labor market (CHR, 1993). By including demographic and/or social characteristics, the hybrid approach may also make it easier for youth serving agencies to develop common definitions. To meet the needs of at-risk youth, the community needs to respond by developing intervention services for them that focus on building self-esteem, alternative leisure patterns, redirecting inappropriate lifestyles or behaviors, developing personal skills, assisting with pre-employment training, development of morals and values and enhancing the quality of life through positive recreation experiences (Brown Sevcik, 1999). According to the Association of African American Role Models (2003), one of most overlooked qualities missing in today’s at-risk youth is the building, maintaining, and utilizing self-esteem to achieve personal growth and success. Raising low self-esteem can be a difficult process but one that is surely successful with the intervention of an effective programempowering and counseling at-risk youth to visualize themselves as productive members of their communities (AAARM, 2003). Moreover, teaching self-esteem becomes a process that is continued by the at-risk youth themselves as their positive and productive attitudes permeate their interactions with those around them (AAARM, 2003). Brown and Sevcik (1999) state that recreational programs build self-esteem, self-discipline, commitment and teamwork. Moreover, Therapeutic recreation plays an important role in reaching at-risk youth (Brown Sevcik, 1999). Similarly, the 1992 Decima Report (1992) shows that through cultural alternatives, youth essential life skills including responsibility, self-esteem, cooperation, discipline and patience are built. Cultural activity builds self-discipline and perseverance in our youth; learning to play a musical instrument, rehearsing a play or executing a mosaic mural requires long hours of practice, focus and perseverance, all components of self-discipline, a trait that many at-risk youth are desperately lacking. (Americans for the Arts, 1997) In a more recent report by the Presidents Committee on the Arts and Humanities (1999), organized youth activities can deter risky behavior in adolescents; students who participate in band, orchestra, chorus or a school play are significantly less likely than non-participants to drop out of school, be arrested, use drugs or engage in binge drinking (SasCultre, 2003). Under this therapeutic recreational program, three methods of service are combined: Intervention, Diversion, and Prevention (Brown ; Sevcik, 1999). The program involves at-risk youth in a school-directed recreational program within the community, developing an awareness of and interest in opportunities available to them outside the school day; enables them to experience fun leisure activities; and to develop healthy friendships, good sportsmanship, mentoring with individuals within the community and healthy leisure interests (Brown ; Sevcik, 1999). With these premises, the researchers will conduct this study to find out and to ascertain the responses made by the Social Work Institutions towards the raising self-esteem in at risk youths. Statement of the Problem This researcher finds the necessity for a study that specifically tackles how successful programs are in raising at-risk youth’s self-esteem. This study intends to know why some programs fail. This proposed research study will try to answer the following queries: 1. What are the needs of at-risk youths in a program? 2. What are the factors that affect the success and effectiveness of a program in terms of raising self-esteem in at-risk youth? 3. What are the measures that should be done to improve a program? Hypothesis There is a significant difference in the raising of self-esteem of the at risk youths at ___________________ when grouped according to gender and age. Significance of the Study This study will be a significant endeavor in boosting self-esteem in at-risk youth. This study will be helpful to social workers this will serve as a guide for them when dealing with at-risk kids. By understanding the needs of these children, in terms of their self-esteem, and presenting the cause of failures of some programs, administrators will be able to design means in raising self-esteem. This could lead to the success of the program. Scope and Limitation This research study will only cover male and female at-risk youth who are currently under a program and whose ages range from 16 to 22. Thus, the programs that will be discussed in the entire study are from the Philippines, although, some programs from other countries might be briefly tackled. This study will only focus on the determination of what causes a program intended to raise self-esteem in at-risk youth, to succeed or to fail. Further, this study will operate based on its definition of at-risk youth. The outcome of this study will be limited only to the data gathered from sociology books and journals and from the primary data gathered from the result of the survey and interview that will be conducted by the researcher. The conclusion and recommendation will only apply to a program which specifically aims to boost self-esteem in at-risk youth. Its application to other sociological domain of helping at-risk youth will need further research. As stated above, this research will partially base its findings through quantitative research methods because this permits a flexible and iterative approach. During data gathering the choice and design of methods are constantly modified, based on ongoing analysis. This allows investigation of important new issues about raising self-esteem in at-risk youth within a Program and questions as they arise, and allows the investigator to drop unproductive areas of research from the original research plan. This study will also employ qualitative research method because it will attempt to find and build theories that will explain the relationship of one variable with another variable through qualitative elements in research. Through this method, qualitative elements that do not have standard measures such as behavior, attitudes, opinions, and beliefs within the restaurants will be analyzed. Furthermore qualitative research is multi-method in focus, involving an interpretative, naturalistic approach to its subject matter. This means that qualitative researchers study things in their natural settings, attempting to make sense of, or interpret phenomena in terms of the meanings people bring to them. The focus group discussion, on the other hand, will be conducted with the consent of the administrators. The secondary sources of data will come from published articles from Sociology journals, books and related studies on at-risk youth and programs intended to raise self-esteem in at-risk youth. For this research design, the researcher will gather data, collate published studies from different local and foreign universities and articles from social science journals; and make a content analysis of the collected documentary and verbal material. Afterwards, the researcher will summarize all the information, make a conclusion based on the null hypotheses posited and provide insightful recommendations on the dealing with organizational management. Definition of Terms For the clearer understanding Chapter 2 Review of related literature Several related literature and studies conducted locally and abroad gave great help to researchers. Some of these studies are similar to the present study in methodology but the researchers believed that because of differences in social setting by the study, the result would not be the same. Based on the data in â€Å"Improving the Self Esteem of At-risk Youth† (Levine, Majerovitz, Schnur, Robinson, and Soman, 2008), it describes and evaluate a program, RESOLVE, designed to increase self-esteem and encourage healthy lifestyle choices of at-risk youth. This federally-funded (U. S. Administration for Children and Families, CBAE) program combines an educational component teaching healthy lifestyles, goal setting, and refusal skills to avoid unhealthy behaviors with a vocational training and recreational component. The emphasis of this evaluation is to assess the impact of program participation on self-esteem and knowledge of healthy behaviors. Self-esteem was chosen as a target variable for intervention based on its central role in predicting mental health and well-being, as well as enhanced health and social behaviors (Mann, Hosman, Schaalma, and deVries, 2004). Strong family and community relationships are predictors of high self-esteem (Greene and Way, 2005). These relationships are disrupted for foster care youth, placing them at risk for low self-esteem. Low self-esteem and disruption in family and community relationships is associated with poor social and lifestyle choices. For example, lack of a father figure and low self-esteem are associated with higher risk of teen pregnancy among Jamaican youth (Keddie, 1992). Low self-esteem and disruption in family and community relationships is associated with poor social and lifestyle choices. For example, lack of a father figure and low self-esteem are associated with higher risk of teen pregnancy among Jamaican youth (Keddie, 1992). Adolescents who had lower self-esteem at baseline reported initiating sex earlier and having had risky partners (Ethier et al. , 2003). Peer group programs that increased self-esteem among youth with severe behavior problems from dysfunctional families helped to reduce problem behaviors (Frank, 1996). A number of programs designed to encourage healthy life choices among at-risk adolescents have been reported in the literature. The most successful programs combine traditionally-presented curriculum with opportunities for practical application outside the classroom. For example, the Teen Outreach Program (Allen, Philliber, and Hoggson, 1990) links volunteer work to classroom experience for at-risk youth. The program significantly reduced pregnancy and school drop-out rates among participants across a spectrum of ethnic groups. A similar program, the Quantum Opportunities Program (Hahn, Leavitt, and Aaron, 1994) offers education, mentoring, and volunteer service opportunities to disadvantaged youth. School drop-out rates and teen pregnancy decreased, while employment or further education increased. The Catalano and colleagues (2004) review on positive youth development (PYD) was commissioned by the US Department of Health ; Human Services, completed in 2002, and conducted by a team of researchers at the University of Washington (Catalano, et al. , 2004). The review ultimately included twenty-five program evaluations, and findings indicate promising results for strength-based programs serving youth and children. The review’s definition of PYD is very broad, including any intervention that meets at least one of fifteen constructs6; none of which stipulated involvement of young people in program decisions or design. The broad inclusion criteria for PYD programs coupled with a lack of predetermined outcomes largely explain why so many evaluations were included in the review. In contrast to the Catalano and colleagues review, the forthcoming review will focus on youth empowerment, reduce program heterogeneity, and minimize the chance of spurious conclusions due to a lack of predetermined outcomes. The Wallerstein (2006) review, conducted for the World Health Organization, was the only review identified by the authors that directly addressed empowerment strategies. The review explores empowerment broadly for all age groups and with an interest in health outcomes. Wallerstein gives a useful overview of various themes within the broader empowerment movement and gives a framework for empowerment that includes multiple levels of outcomes. The broad, international review of outcomes linked to empowerment offers valuable context for this protocol. The resulting framework includes a heavy emphasis on self-efficacy, community engagement, and social bonding, which reinforce their importance as outcomes of interest in the planned review.